鐜嬮簵瀹
鍙扮仯澶у绀炬渻瀛哥郴鍓暀鎺
涓銆佸│濂充汉娆婄殑鐞嗗康鎺㈣◣
浜屼簩鍏簨浠跺湪鍙扮仯浜虹殑蹇冪洰涓紝浼间箮鍌惧悜鏂兼斂娌讳簨浠剁殑鎬濊冿紝浜嬪涓婏紝瀹冩洿鎳夋槸涓鍊嬩汉娆婁簨浠剁殑瑜囬洔闆嗗悎楂斻傛澶栵紝浜屼簩鍏簨浠跺父琚濊冪偤銆岀敺鎬у彈瀹炽嶇殑浜嬩欢锛屼簨瀵︿笂锛岃ū澶氬コ鎬т篃鍥犵偤鐢锋у彈瀹宠屾藩鐐洪暦鏈熻韩蹇冨彈鍓佃咃紝鍥犳锛屼簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢鎳夊彲瑙i噵鐐恒屽コ鎬у彈鍓点嶄簨浠躲備粖澶╋紝鍦ㄧ磤蹇典簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢鍙楅洠鑰呬箣闅涳紝浠ユу垾瑙榛炰締鎬濊冨│濂充汉娆婏紝鏃㈡槸绀炬渻鎳夋湁鐨勮鍕曪紝涔熻〃绀轰簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢涓嶆噳鍙槸浠ョ敺鎬х偤鏍稿績渚嗚冩叜浜烘瑠鍟忛銆
鍙扮仯鍦板崁濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓鐩存槸鍊嬩笉琚噸瑕栫殑浜烘瑠锛屽│濂充汉娆婇暦涔呬互渚嗗氨鏄竴鍊嬭婕犺鐨勯倞闅涗汉娆婏紝灏卞鍚屽│濂宠椤屼竴鍚戜笉琚鐐虹ぞ鏈冧腑鐨勪富娴佽椤屼竴妯c傚嵆浣1980骞翠唬浠ュ緦锛屽│濂充汉娆婂湪鍦嬮殯浜烘瑠鑸炲彴涓婂凡閫愭几琚鐐轰富娴佷汉娆婅椤岋紝渚嬪鍦1993骞寸董涔熺磵浜烘瑠鏈冭涓婄敋涓斿皣濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍒楀叆涓昏鐨勬渻璀颁富椤屻備絾鏄紝鍦ㄥ彴鐏o紝灏卞鍚屼簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢涓妯o紝骞句箮鍑′簨閮界己涔忔у垾鐪佹濈殑鏀跨瓥鑸囨帾鏂斤紝濠﹀コ鍟忛鑸囦汉娆婁甫娌掓湁寰楀埌鎳夋湁閲嶈銆
鍦ㄥ彴鐏o紝闄や簡濠﹀コ鍙楄檺鍙楁毚濠氬Щ涓叐鎬ч棞淇傝椤岋紝鍖呮嫭鍏朵粬濠氬Щ璨$敘娆婄殑淇濋殰鍜岃Κ娆婅鐐虹殑淇▊涔嬪锛屽叾椁樺│濂充汉娆婄殑璀伴锛屼緥濡備汉韬畨鍏紝鏁欒偛娆娿佸搴拰濠氬Щ涓殑娆婂埄锛屽伐浣滄瑠銆佹斂娌诲弮鑸囨瑠鍙婅嚜鐢辨瑠锛屼笉鏄純灏戝彈鍒版瑕栵紝灏辨槸缂轰箯閫蹭竴姝ョ殑鏀跨瓥闈€佹硶鍒堕潰鍜屾帾鏂介潰鐨勮惤瀵︺
鍓嶄竴闄e瓙鐨勫江濠夊浜嬩欢鍜岃ū澶氬コ绔ユ帴浜岄d笁鐨勫彈鍒板Е娈轰簨浠讹紝鍦ㄥ湪閮介’绀哄彴鐏e湴鍗濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓︽湭鍙楀埌閲嶈锛屼汉韬畨鍏ㄥ挨鍏跺彈鍒版サ澶у▉鑴咃紝鍚勯爡浜烘瑠涓紝涓鐩磋瑾嶇偤姣旇純鐞嗘兂鐨勫│濂充汉娆婏紝鍓囧洜杩戝勾渚嗙殑鎬у垾瑙榛炴瑕栵紝浠嶇櫦鐝炬湁瑷辫ū澶氬鐨勭己澶憋紝鍖呮嫭鏁欐潗鍜屾暀鑲查珨绯讳腑鐨勫悇绋斧璩囪〒绶淬佺埗姣嶆暀鑲茬瓑鍟忛锛岀洿鍒版渶杩戠ぞ鏈冮亱鍕曚腑鐨勫│濂抽亱鍕曟墠淇冧娇鏁欒偛閮ㄦ垚绔嬪叐鎬у钩娆婃暀鑲插鍝℃渻锛岃屽幓骞村勾搴曠殑鍏ㄥ湅娌诲畨鏈冭涓婏紝閫e壇绺界当绺界畻瀹d綀鎴愮珛鍏ㄥ湅鎬уコ鎬ф瑠鐩婁績閫插鍝℃渻锛岄欐ǎ鐨勫姫鍔涘鍚︼紵
鍏跺鏀垮簻鍦ㄥ│濂充汉娆婁笂鐨勫姫鍔涜垏鍚︼紝鍏呬唤椤岀ず涔熷洖鎳変竴鍦嬫槸鍚﹂噸瑕栧│濂充汉娆婏紝渚濅笘鐣屽│濂虫渻璀帮紙the Women鈥s Convention锛夐欏嬩緥琛屾у│濂充汉娆婂ぇ鏈冪殑鑱叉槑锛屽彴鐏e湴鍗鐨勫│濂充汉娆婂鍦ㄦ湁寰呭姞寮枫傝┎濠﹀コ浜烘瑠绲勭箶鐗瑰垾寮疯浠ヤ笅鑱叉槑锛氬│濂充汉娆婃槸鍦ㄧ⒑淇濆嬪垾濠﹀コ鐨勫熀鏈嚜鐢憋紝鏃㈣娉曞埗鍖栫殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠锛屼篃瑕佸叿鏈夊厖鍒嗗皧閲嶇殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠銆
瑭插│濂充汉娆婄祫绻斿悓鏅傝伈鏄庯紝濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勬彁鍗囷紝涓嶆噳鍙槸绀炬渻绂忓埄鍙栧悜锛Social welfare approach)锛岃屾噳鏄硶瀹氭瑠鍒╁彇鍚戯紙Legal right approach锛夛紝鏈夐棞涔嬬瓥鐣ユ垨绔嬫硶涔冨湪鏂肩⒑淇濆│濂冲悇闋呮瑠鍒╁拰姗熸渻锛屽洜姝わ紝鏀垮簻锛屾噳浠ュ叕娆婂姏瑙掕壊鍔犱互瑕忕瘎銆備互濠﹀コ鍙楁毚淇濊閫欓爡鍩烘湰浜烘瑠鐐轰緥锛屾斂搴滄噳涓嶅彧鏄彁渚涙秷妤垫晳鍔╋紝鑰屼笖鎳夌⿳妤甸槻娌伙紝鏈閲嶈鐨勶紝鏀垮簻鎳夊厛楂旀偀鑸囪獚鍚屽弽濠﹀コ鍙楁毚宸ヤ綔鏄仈鎴愬│濂充汉娆婄殑蹇呰鎵嬫锛屽繀闋堜互娉曞埗鍖栫殑鎵嬫锛屼緥濡傚埗瀹氬搴毚鍔涙垨濠氬Щ鏆村姏闃叉不娉曪紝鎵嶈兘鏈夋晥淇濋殰濠﹀コ浜烘瑠銆傜洰鍓嶅彴鐏e皻缂轰箯閫欓爡娉曚护锛屽嵆浣挎槸鎬т镜瀹崇姱缃槻娌绘渚嬶紝涔熼洟绉侀牁鍩熺殑濠﹀コ淇濊闇姹傚皻閬狅紝鎴戝戦渶瑕佹硶鍒跺寲鐨勫│濂冲彈鏆翠繚璀蜂締鎻愪緵涓鍊嬨屾鐣舵с嶏紝銆屾缇╂с嶇殑鐠板銆
闄や簡涓栫晫濠﹀コ鏈冭(the Women鈥s Convention)灏嶅│濂充汉娆婃湁娉曞埗鍖栫殑鍛肩辈锛屼互鍙婅鎻愬崌濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓嶆槸绀炬渻绂忓埄鍙栧悜锛岃屾槸娉曞畾娆婂埄鍙栧悜涔嬪锛屽湅闅涙湁鍚嶇殑濠︽瑠绲勭箶銆EDAW銆(Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrionination Against Women)(娓涘皯姝ц濂虫уぇ鏈)锛屽悓妯e湴锛岃娉曞緥鐨勫埗瑷傜偤淇濋殰濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勬鍒躲備緷瑭茬祫绻旂殑瑙榛炰締鍊″皫濂虫瑠閬嬪嫊锛屼甫娑堥櫎濂虫у彈姝ц鍟忛锛屽│娆婄殑鏍规湰鍟忛鎵嶈兘鐛插緱瑙f焙銆
瑷庤珫浜嗗│濂充汉娆婁箣娉曞埗琛屽嫊闇姹備箣寰岋紝鍙︿竴鍊嬪│濂充汉娆婄殑鍩烘湰璀伴瑕佸爆濡備綍鎬濅箮濠﹀コ浜烘瑠銆傚│濂充汉娆婂叾瀵︽槸浜烘瑠鐨勪竴鐠帮紝浜烘瑠鐣剁劧涔熷寘鎷│濂充汉娆娿傜劧鑰屽│濂充汉娆婄殑鎬濊冨繀闋堜互濂虫х偤涓績(women-centered) 浣滅偤鍑虹櫦榛烇紝寰炲コ鎬х殑鐢熸椿缍撻涓幓鐬В濂虫х殑鍚勭ó鍩烘湰浜烘瑠锛屽寘鎷嚜鐢辨瑠銆佸钩绛夋瑠锛屼互鍙婂悇绋瓨鍦ㄧぞ鏈冧腑鐨勭ぞ鏈冨鍓叉垨绀炬渻澹撴姂绛変笉鍒版柤濠﹀コ鐨勮檿澧冦傚挨鍏舵槸涓嶅Θ寰炪屽│濂虫瑠鏄│濂崇殑绀炬渻缍撴繜娆娿嶏紙Women鈥s rights as socieconomic rights锛変箣瑙榛炲姞浠ユ濊冿紝鍥犳鑸夊嚒鍜屽│濂充箣宸ヤ綔娆婃伅寰风浉闂滅殑銆岀稉婵熸瑠銆嶅拰銆岀ぞ鏈冩瑠銆嶈椤岋紝鍗冲│濂充汉娆婂緱淇濊閬嬪嫊鐨勬牳蹇冩剰娑点備緷姝よ榛烇紝鏀硅畩濂虫х殑缍撴繜娆婇檮灞 (Economic Suborclination) 鏄偤蹇呰鐨勭瓥鐣ャ
姝ゅ锛屽煎緱鎺㈣◣鐨勫│濂充汉娆婅蹇垫槸銆屽│濂充汉娆婃槸鍏叡浜烘瑠锛屼篃鏄叕姘戞瑠銆嶏紝閫欏皪鏀垮簻閮ㄩ杸鐨勬焙绛栦汉鍝″挨鍏堕噸瑕併傚叕閮ㄩ杸鐨勬焙绛栧強鎺柦鎺ㄥ嫊鑰咃紝蹇呴爤鍏锋湁涓婅堪鐨勫熀鏈児鍊艰锛岄鎰忔彁鍗囪嚜宸卞皪濠﹀コ鐗规畩瑕佹眰鐨勮瀵熷姏锛岄鎰忔帰瑷庡洖鎳夊│濂抽渶姹傜殑鎬у垾宸暟鏀跨瓥锛屼緥濡傚皪闆涘銆佸彈铏愬彈鏆村│濂虫垨鍙楀氨妤笉鍏钩铏曢亣鑰呮彁鍑哄叿楂斿洖鎳夋帾鏂斤紝涓︿笖鎻愬嚭銆屽厛鍕曞紡銆嶏紙proactive锛夌殑闋愰槻鎬ф斂绛栫殑浣滄硶锛屾墠鑳戒娇濠﹀コ鍦ㄦ斂绛栬绡勯珨绯讳腑鐛插緱鏇村鐨勪繚闅滐紝鑰屼笉鏄暥鍟忛鍛堢従涔嬪緦鎵嶆帯鍙栬鏁戣鎺柦銆
缍滃悎鍚勭ó濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勭瓥鐣ユц榛烇紝鐒¤珫鏄瑕栫暥鍓嶅│濂充汉娆婄殑钀藉鎯呭舰锛屽張鎴栨槸閫蹭竴姝ョ殑鎺ㄥ嫊浣滄硶锛屽ぇ鑷磋劔闆笉浜嗕笘鐣屽│濂冲ぇ鏈(the women鈥s Convention)鎵鏇剧稉鎻鐨勪笁绋瓥鐣ワ紝閭e氨鏄硶鍒舵х瓥鐣ャ侀爯闃叉х瓥鐣ュ拰淇濊鎬х瓥鐣ャ傞欎笁澶х瓥鐣ヤ腑鐨勬硶鍒舵х瓥鐣ワ紝鍖呮嫭浜嗛仌鍙嶅│濂崇浉闂滀汉娆婄殑鍤撮噸鍒惰瑕忓畾鍙婅碃鍎熴佽鍎熻瀹氾紱鑰岄爯闃叉х瓥鐣ュ墖寮疯鍌虫挱濯掗珨鐨勫│娆婂灏庡伐浣滐紝浠ュ強鍚勭ó瀹e皫濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涔嬫暀鑲茬浉闂滄柟妗堬紱鏈夐棞淇濊鎬х瓥鐣ュ墖鍌惧悜鏂间簨寰岃鏁戞帾鏂斤紝渚嬪鎻愪緵搴囪銆佽鍟嗐佸京鍋ュ拰鏀寔鎬ф湇鍕欍
鍒嗘瀽浜嗗│濂充汉娆婄殑鍩烘湰鐞嗗康锛屾湁浜涙槸濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勮蹇碉紝鏈変簺鍓囬棞涔庡闅涗綔娉曪紝鍙︽湁浜涘墖鎺㈣◣鏀垮簻鐨勮鑹层傝嫢浠ヤ簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢鐐轰緥锛屽湪鍙扮仯锛屽叿鏈夋у垾鐪佹濈殑浜屼簩鍏簨浠惰鍎熸帾鏂藉咕涔庢槸涓鐗囩┖鐧斤紝濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勬蹇碉紝鍦ㄤ簩浜屽叓浜嬩欢涓咕涔庡洜鐐虹己涔鈥濂虫т腑蹇鈥鐨勬濊冭屽拷鐣ヤ簡瑁滃劅鏂规鎳夋湁鐨勬у垾鏁忔劅鐗硅唱锛屽嵆蹇界暐浜嗗彈闆h呬腑濂虫х兢楂旂殑鐗规畩闇姹傘傛墍鏈夎鍎熸ф柟妗堜腑锛岃嫢鑳戒互鏇村濂虫х稉椹楄榛炲幓鎬濊冿紝鍙兘灏变笉鏈冨嚭鐝句粖鏃ョ殑浜屼簩鍏簨浠惰鍎熸帾鏂界己涔忔у垾瀹㈣鑰冮噺鐨勫晱椤屻備笉閬庤嫢鏀剧溂鍒版暣楂斿彴鐏e湴鍗鐨勫│濂充汉娆婄従娉侊紝浜屼簩鍏簨浠剁殑瑁滃劅鍦ㄦ煇绋▼搴︿笂浼煎凡鑰冩叜濠﹀コ浜烘瑠锛屽洜鐐哄彴鐏g殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鏅亶涓︽湭鍙楀埌鎳夋湁鐨勯噸瑕栥備互涓嬪皣閫蹭竴姝ュ墫鏋愬彴鐏g殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐝炬硜銆
浜屻佽繎骞村彴鐏e│濂充汉娆婄従娉
涓湅浜烘瑠鍗旀渻鑷皯鍦嬩竷鍗佷節骞磋捣锛屽皪鍙扮仯浜烘瑠鎸囨灞曢枊骞村害瑾挎煡鍒嗘瀽鏅傦紝鍗冲皣濠﹀コ浜烘瑠瑕栫偤涓鑸汉娆婁箣澶栫殑鐗规畩浜烘瑠浜堜互鍠崹瑾挎煡鍒嗘瀽銆傚氨鎰忕京涓婅岃█锛屼腑鍦嬩汉娆婂崝鏈冨皪濠﹀コ浜烘瑠璀伴浼间箮鐗瑰垾浜堜互閲嶈锛屼甫涓斾笉甯屾湜濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍦ㄥ彴鐏f藩鐐洪倞闅涗汉娆婏紱浣嗗湪瀵﹂殯涓婏紝鍙扮仯鐨勫│濂充汉娆婏紝寰炶⿻浼扮祼鏋滀締鐪嬶紝鏄偤閭婇殯浜烘瑠锛屾骞翠締闄や簡鏁欒偛娆婂媺寮峰彈鍒拌獚鍙箣澶栵紝鍏堕濡傝嚜鐢辨瑠銆佷汉韬嚜鐢辨瑠锛岀ぞ鏈冨弮鏀挎瑠銆佸伐浣滄瑠銆佸濮绘毃瀹跺涵娆婏紝閮藉湪鈥鍙婃牸鈥涔嬪锛屽叾涓渶宸殑涓闋呰灞汉韬畨鍏ㄦ瑠銆
浠ュ叓鍗佷簲骞寸偤渚嬶紝寰炶〃涓銆佽〃浜屻佽〃涓夈佽〃鍥涖佽〃浜斻佽〃鍏硣鏂欎腑鍙煡锛岄櫎鏁欒偛娆婂锛屾矑鏈変竴闋呭│濂充汉娆婇仈鍒版渶浣庤獚鍙殑鍙婃牸妯欐簴锛屽嵆浣挎槸鏁欒偛娆婁篃鍍呭媺寮烽仈鍒板強鏍(婊垮垎鐐轰簲鍒嗭紝姝ら爡寰楀垎鐐轰笁鍒)锛岃┏绱板収瀹圭┒绔熷浣曞憿?
棣栧厛妾㈣鍏爡濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎸囨涓弽鏄犳渶宸殑銆屽│濂充汉韬畨鍏ㄦ瑠銆嶃傛闋呭緱鍒嗘渶浣庣殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠锛屽彧寰楀埌浜斿垎涓殑1.9鍒嗭紝鐩哥暥浠h〃浜嗗彴鐏e│濂充汉韬畨鍏ㄤ甫鏈嵅寰楁噳鏈夌殑淇濋殰銆傝嫢浠旂窗娣辩┒鍚勯爡寰楀垎鎸囨锛屽コ鎬х劇璜栧湪鍏牁鍩(瀹跺)鎴栫闋樺煙(瀹朵腑)鐨勮韩楂斿畨鍏ㄥ潎鏅亶瀛樺湪濞佽剠鍜屼笉瀹夊叏鎰(寰楀垎1.76)锛岀ぞ鏈冨皪寮卞嫝濠﹀コ鎻愪緵鐨勪繚璀峰拰鍗斿姪涔熸槑椤笉瓒(寰楀垎1.88)锛屾涔冪浉鐣跺毚閲嶇殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠瑾查銆
鍙﹀锛屽湪浜鸿韩瀹夊叏鎸囨涓皻鏈変竴鍊嬫寚妯欏煎緱鍦嬩汉閲嶈鐨勫晱椤岋紝閭e氨鏄屽鑳庢у垾鍖栥嶄緷瑾挎煡绲愭灉椤ず锛岀従浠d汉鑰冩叜瀵︽柦浜哄伐娴佺敘鏅傦紝鏄惁鏈冨洜鑳庡厭涔嬫у垾鑰屾湁涓嶅悓鐨勬焙瀹氾紝绛旀鏄偗瀹氱殑锛屾闋呭│濂充汉娆婃寚妯欏垎鏁稿彧鏈1.88鍒嗐傛彌瑷涔嬶紝鐢辨柤閱鎬у垾鍒ゅ垾鐨勫彲琛岋紝瑷卞濂虫ц儙鍏掑父鍥犵ぞ鏈冪殑鎬у垾鍋忚鑰屽湪姣嶉珨鎳峰瓡鏃╂湡灏辫澧儙浜嗭紝閫欓洠鎬湅浜哄嚭鐢熺当瑷堜腑锛岀浜岃儙銆佺涓夎儙鐨勬у垾姣旂附鍦ㄤ竴涓浜斿乏鍙筹紝鑰岄潪涓OO姣斾竴O浜斿乏鍙炽
绗簩宸殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍓囨槸銆岀ぞ鏈冨弮鏀挎瑠銆嶃傛闋呭緱鍒嗗彧鏈2.10锛屽皻鏈仈鍙婃牸(3.0)鐨勬婧栥傚緸鍚勯爡鎸囨(瑕嬭〃鍏)鍙煡锛屽│濂崇劇璜栧湪鏀挎不鍙冭垏銆佽伔鍫村弮鑸囧潎鏈嵅寰楁噳鏈夌殑灏婇噸鍜屼繚闅溿備互鏀块花鎻愬悕鍊欓伕浜哄弮鑸囧叕鑱风偤渚嬶紝灏嶅コ鎬ф槸鍚︾劇宸垾寰呴亣锛屽緱鍒嗗彧鏈1.9鍒嗭紱濂虫ф摂浠绘皯閬稿叕鑱蜂汉鍝″強楂樼礆瀹樺摗鐨勬瘮渚嬪悎鐞嗚垏鍚︼紝寰楀垎鍙湁1.97锛涙澶栵紝濂虫у弮鑸囨斂娌绘椿鍕曘佹摂浠婚花鑱峰嫏鐨勬鏈冿紝鑸囩敺鎬х浉鍚屽惁锛屽緱鍒嗗彧鏈2.06銆傝屽コ鎬ф摂浠绘皯閬稿叕鑱蜂汉鍝¤垏楂樼礆瀹樺摗鐨勬瘮渚嬪悎鐞嗚垏鍚︼紝寰楀垎鏇村樊鍙湁1.92銆
浜嬪涓婏紝渚濅竴浜涜鏌ヨ硣鏂欓’绀猴紝涓婅堪濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎸囨鎵浠h〃鐨勫│濂崇ぞ鏈冨弮鑸囦汉娆婏紝纰哄鍙嶆槧浜嗕綆钀界殑鍙扮仯濠﹀コ鏀挎不鍙冭垏浜烘瑠銆傞姄鏁橀儴浠婂勾鏇惧叕甯冧簡涓闋呭コ鎬ч珮闅庡叕鍕欎汉鍝′换鐢ㄧ媭娉侊紝鍏朵腑绨′换绱氫互涓婄殑鑱蜂綅濂虫ф墍浣旀瘮渚嬩甫娌掓湁瓒呴亷鐧惧垎涔嬪崄(鍙湁9.59%)銆備緷姊侀洐钃(1995)鐮旂┒鎸囧嚭锛屽ぇ閮ㄥ垎鐨勫コ鎬у叕鍕欎汉鍝(绱80%)鏄綅灞呬簲鑱风瓑浠ヤ笅鐨勮伔浣嶏紝鑰屽叚~涔濊伔绛夎呬篃鍙湁杩20%锛屼綅灞呬竷鑱风瓑浠ヤ笂鐨勯珮闅庤伔浣嶈咃紝姣斾緥妤典綆銆傚氨姘戞剰鍒嗘瀽锛岀洰鍓嶇珛娉曞鍝″コ鎬ф墍浣旀瘮渚嬬磩10%宸﹀彸锛屽湅澶т唬琛ㄧ殑13%宸﹀彸锛屽コ鎬ф瘮渚嬮兘鐩哥暥浣庛傚彴鍖楀競銆佸彴鐏g渷璀板摗涔嬫у垾姣旇純濂戒簺锛屼絾鍙扮仯鐪佽鏈冨コ鎬т篃鍙湁20%宸﹀彸锛屽彴鍖楀競璀板摗鐨勬у垾姣旓紝濂虫ф瘮鐜囩偤23%宸﹀彸銆
閫欎簺濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎸囨鍜屽叿楂斿│濂冲弮鑸囨斂娌绘暩鎿氶’绀猴紝鍏╂у钩娆婄殑绀炬渻锛屽挨鍏舵槸濠﹀コ鏀挎不鍙冭垏娆婏紝浠嶇劧鏈夊緢闀疯矾瑕佽蛋銆傝嫢寰炲│濂充汉娆婂嵆鍏叡浜烘瑠涔熸槸鍩烘湰鍏皯娆婄殑瑙榛炰締鐪嬶紝娆叉彁鍗囧│濂崇殑娆婂姏灏卞緱钘夌敱鍏叡浜烘瑠鍜屽叕姘戞瑠鍔犱互钀藉锛屾斂娌诲弮鑸囨槸鏈鍩烘湰涔熸槸鏈瀵﹂殯鐨勬墜娈碉紝浣嗘槸锛岀暥鍓嶅彴鐏e湴鍗濂虫у湪鏀挎不鍙冭垏涓殑淇濋殰锛屼粛鏈夌祼妲嬩笂鐨勫晱椤岋紝浠ヨ嚧閫犳垚濂虫ф钘夌敱濂虫т繚闅滃悕椤嶆鍒朵締閬斿埌鍏呭垎鍙冭垏鏀挎不鐨勭洰妯欙紝浠嶆槸鍊嬮仚涓嶅彲鍙婄殑澶㈡兂銆傚弽瑙鍖楁瓙鍦嬪锛屽コ鎬у湅鏈冭鍝″咕涔庢帴杩戝崐鏁告垨鐢氫笖绛夋柤鍗婃暩锛屾垨瑷卞彴鐏e繀闋堝挤鍒40%鐨勬у垾閰嶉鍒跺害锛屼娇濂虫х殑鍙冩斂鍚嶉鑳芥湞鍚戞у垾鍏钩鍖栫殑鐩銆
鍐嶅叾娆★紝鎳夌壒鍒ユ瑕栫殑濠﹀コ鎸囨鏄屽│濂冲伐浣滄瑠銆嶃傚│濂冲伐浣滄瑠鏄奖闊垮│濂崇殑绀炬渻缍撴繜娆婃渶澶х殑瑕佺礌锛屽浣曟敼璁婂コ鎬х殑缍撴繜闄勫爆(Economic Subordincition)锛屽伐浣滄瑠鐨勬彁鍗囨槸鐐轰富瑕佺殑绛栫暐銆備絾鏄紝渚濅腑鍦嬩汉娆婂崝鏈85骞村害瑾挎煡鍫卞憡椤ず锛屽彴鐏e湴鍗濠﹀コ宸ヤ綔娆婂钩鍧囧緱鍒嗗彧鏈2.22锛屽悇闋呭│濂冲伐浣滄瑠鎸囨涓紝鍙嶆槧濞佽剠濠﹀コ宸ヤ綔鏈澶у晱椤岃咃紝闈炪屽コ鎬х収椤ц鑹插鍔涖嶈帿灞紝瑭查爡浜烘瑠寰楀垎鍙湁1.88锛屾彌鍙ヨ┍瑾紝鍙扮仯鐨勫│濂抽’鐒堕洠浠ュ厤闄ゅ偝绲辨у垾瑙掕壊鐨勫埢鏉垮嵃璞★紝浠ュ強閫欎簺瑙掕壊澹撳姏灏嶅コ鎬у氨妤殑鏉熺笡銆傚コ鎬у洜鐐哄涓収椤ц鑹茬殑瑕佹眰锛屽寘鎷皪鍏掑コ銆佽佷汉鎴栨畼闅滆呯殑鐓ф枡锛屽緢闆i櫎鍘荤収椤ц鑹茬殑澶栬。锛屼笖鍥犺屽墲濂湪鍏牁鍩熶笂鑷垜瀵︾従鐨勬鏈冦傜附涔嬶紝涓鏃﹀搴収椤х瓑鏂煎コ鎬х収椤э紝閫欑ó绀炬渻瑙掕壊鍒嗗伐鏈鏄▉鑴呭コ鎬х殑宸ヤ綔鑷敱閬告搰娆娿
鍦ㄥ伐浣滄瑠閮ㄥ垎锛屽│濂冲啀灏辨キ鍥伴洠鐨勫厠鏈嶏紝寰楀垎涔熶笉楂橈紝鍙湁2.00锛岃┎闋呯洰鎸囧嚭锛屽│濂冲氨妤殑閫蹭慨绠¢亾涓︿笉浠や汉婊挎剰锛岄欑ó鍗斿姪濠﹀コ鍏嬫湇浜屽害灏辨キ鐨勭祼妲嬫ф寚妯欙紝鍙嶆槧鍑烘斂搴滃皪濠﹀コ浜屽害灏辨キ鍗斿姪鐩哥暥涓嶅銆備緷鐜嬮簵瀹(1995)涓闋呭コ鎬т簩搴﹀氨妤爺绌堕’绀猴紝濂虫у啀灏辨キ鐨勬渶澶у洶鐙涔嬩竴鍗冲啀灏辨キ鐨勪俊蹇冧笉瓒筹紝鍦ㄥ氨妤妧鑳藉拰蹇冪悊婧栧倷閮芥槸蹇呰鐨勮閬╋紝鎭拌垏姝ら爡浜烘瑠鐨勭爺绌剁浉鍛兼噳銆
鍏朵粬鏈夐棞宸ヤ綔娆婄殑璀伴锛屽煎緱閲嶈鐨勬槸濠﹀コ灏辨キ鏄惁鏈冨彈鍒板叾骞撮健銆佺祼濠氥佺敓鑲茬殑闄愬埗锛屽緱鍒扮殑浜烘瑠鍒嗘暩鍙湁2.09銆備緷鍙扮仯鍦板崁姝峰勾渚嗗│濂冲煿鑲层佸嫗鍕曞弮鑸囪鏌ヨ硣鏂欓’绀猴紝澶х磩鏈変笁鍒嗕箣涓鐨勫コ鎬у寰屽洜绲愬鎴栫敓鑲茶屽仠姝㈠弮鑸囧嫗鍕曞競鍫存垨闆㈤枊鑱峰牬锛岄欏拰涓婅堪宸ヤ綔浜烘瑠鍙冭垏涔熺浉鍛兼噳锛屼簨瀵︿笂锛屽コ鎬у嫗鍕曞弮鑸囩巼涓鐩村湪鐧惧垎涔嬪洓鍗佷簲宸﹀彸鎿虹洩锛屾鍗崇偤宸ヤ綔娆婂晱椤屼箣涓銆
鍙﹀锛屾湁闂滃伐浣滄瑠鐨勭浉闂滄硶浠ら儴鍒嗭紝鐢辨柤锛鈥鍏╂у伐浣滃钩绛夋硶鈥涓鐩寸劇娉曠稉鐢辫鏀垮強绔嬫硶绋嬪簭渚嗕繚闅滃叐鎬х殑骞崇瓑宸ヤ綔鐠板鍜屽伐浣滄鏈冿紝鍦85骞村害鐨勪腑鍦嬩汉娆婂牨鍛婂厖鍒嗛’绀烘闋呯珛娉曠浉闂滅殑浜烘瑠鎸囨鐩哥暥浠や汉涓嶆豢鎰忥紝寰楀垎鍙湁2.19銆備互缇庡湅鐐轰緥锛岄櫎浜嗗叐鎬у伐浣滃钩绛夌殑鐩搁棞娉曚护涔嬪锛屽皻鏈夊弽鎬чǚ鎿炬硶浠わ紝涔熸湁瀹朵簨鍋囨硶妗堬紝鍓嶈呬娇寰楀コ鎬у緱鏂肩嵅寰楀厤鏂兼чǚ鎿惧伐浣滅挵澧冿紝寰岃呬娇寰楀│濂冲緱鏂煎钩琛″伐浣滆垏瀹跺涵闆欓噸璨换锛屼笉鏈冨洜瀹朵簨鑰屽奖闊垮叾宸ヤ綔娆婂埄锛屾垨鍓濆オ鍏跺伐浣滄鏈冦
绗洓鍊嬪煎緱鍔犱互妾㈣鐨勫│濂冲熀鏈汉娆婃槸銆屽濮昏垏瀹跺涵娆娿嶃備互鍘诲勾璩囨枡渚嗙湅锛屾闋呬汉娆婃槸姝峰勾渚嗗敮涓绋嶆湁閫叉鐨勪竴闋呭│濂充汉娆婏紝浣嗘槸寰楀垎涔熶笉楂橈紝鍙湁2.36銆傛闋呬汉娆婄殑寰楀垎閫愬勾鎻愰珮锛屽拰娉曞嫏閮ㄦ渶杩戝咕骞撮愭几鍥炴噳濠﹀コ鏂扮煡绛夊│濂冲湗楂旂殑闇姹傦紝淇敼姘戞硶瑕爆绡囩殑鐩搁棞娉曟枃鏈夐棞銆
杩戝勾鏈褰遍熆濠﹀コ鐨勫濮昏垏瀹跺涵娆婄殑娉曚护锛岃灞叓鍗佷簲骞翠竷鏈堝ぇ娉曞畼鏈冭绗洓O 铏熻В閲嬶紝浣垮緱娉曞嫏閮ㄥ剺閫熸瑷庝慨瑷傛皯娉曡Κ灞瘒鐨勯儴鍒嗕慨鏂囷紝銆屽緸鍠勫娴併嶅湴澧炶▊浜嗕竴姊濆濮婚棞淇備腑淇濋殰濂虫ц病鐢㈡瑠鐨勬鏂囷紝鍗虫皯鍦嬩竷鍗佸洓骞村叚鏈堝洓鏃ヤ互鍓嶇祼濠氾紝涓﹂仼鐢ㄨ伅鍚堣病鐢㈠埗澶锛屾柤濠氬Щ闂滀總娉曞瓨绾屼腑浠ュ涔嬪悕缇╁彇寰椾笉鍕曠敘锛屽師鍓囦笂鐐哄鎵鏈夈
姝ら爡澶璨$敘姝稿爆鐨勪慨瑷傦紝寰堥’鐒跺皪濠﹀コ濠氬Щ璨$敘娆婃湁閫蹭竴姝ョ殑绔嬫硶淇濋殰锛屽悎浣靛凡淇▊鐨勬皯娉曚竴鍗冮浂鍗佷竷姊濊瀹氾細銆岃伅鍚堣病鐢腑锛屽か鎴栧鏂肩祼濠氭檪鎵鏈変箣璨$敘鍙婂濮婚棞淇傚瓨绾屼腑鍙栧緱涔嬭病鐢㈢偤澶垨濡讳箣瀛樻湁璨$敘锛屽悇淇濇湁鍏舵墍鏈夋瑠銆嶏紝鎸囨皯鍦嬩竷鍗佸洓骞村叚鏈堜簲鏃ヤ互寰岋紝浠ュ涔嬪悕缇╃櫥瑷樹箣涓嶅嫊鐢紝鍘熷墖涓婄偤濡绘墍鏈夈傞欏叐鍊嬩慨姝o紝浣垮緱濂虫у湪濠氬Щ涓殑璨$敘绺界畻鏈夎純閫蹭竴姝ョ殑淇濋殰锛屼絾閫欏叾涓粛鐗芥秹鍒拌病鐢笂鐨勪娇鐢ㄦ瑠鍙婄鐞嗘瑠鍟忛锛屾湁蹇呰閫蹭竴姝ヨ◣璜栥
鍦ㄨ〃浜斾腑涔熼’绀轰簡娉曚护灏嶉洟濠氬│濂崇殑璨$敘銆佽磵椁婅不鑸囧瓙濂崇殑鐩h娆婄殑杩垏闇瑕侊紝鍏朵汉娆婃寚妯欏緱鍒嗗彧鏈2.16銆傚彴鐏e湴鍗鐨勯洟濠氱巼宸辫簫灞呬簽娲茬涓浣嶏紝濠﹀コ闆㈠寰屼箣璨$敘鍜岃磵椁婏紝浠ュ強瑕瑠鍟忛涔熸噳鍙楀埌閲嶈锛屾晠鏈夊繀瑕佸姞寮风浉闂滄硶浠ょ殑淇敼锛屼互淇濋殰闆㈠濠﹀コ鍩烘湰浜烘瑠銆
鏀搁棞濠﹀コ瀹跺涵浜烘瑠涔嬪彟涓闋呮寚妯欎箖瀹跺嫏鍕炲嫊鐨勮偗瀹氳垏鍫遍叕锛屽湪瑾挎煡涓闋呭緱鍒嗙浉鐣朵綆锛屽彧鏈2.13銆傜敱鏂煎偝绲辨у垾瑙掕壊鍒嗗伐鐨勯棞淇傦紝濠﹀コ涓嶇宸ヤ綔鑸囧惁锛岄兘鏄鍕欏嫗鍕曠殑涓昏鎻愪緵鑰咃紝浣嗘槸鏄惁鍙楀埌灏婇噸鑸囪偗瀹氾紝鐢氳嚦浜堜互鎳夋湁鍫遍叕鍛紵渚濆コ鎬т富缇╃殑瑙榛烇紝閫欑ó瀹跺嫏鍕炲嫊鍙鏄屾剾鐨勫嫗鍕欍(Labour of Love) 锛屼絾鏄璩笂鏄惁寰楀埌閰嶅伓鍜屽浜虹殑鏀寔鑸囪偗瀹氬憿锛熸闋呭緱鍒嗙偤2.13鍒嗭紝椤劧鏄惁鏈夊繀瑕佺稉鐢辩珛娉曚締淇濋殰寮卞嫝缍撴繜鏃忕兢锛嶏紞濠﹀コ锛屽凡鏄嬪煎緱瑷庤珫鐨勫晱椤岋紝浣嗘槸濡備綍瑁滃劅鎴栨槸鍚﹁鍎熷鍕欏嫗鍕曡咃紙濠﹀コ锛夊墖鏄嬭闆滅殑鍟忛锛屼絾鏄嚦灏戞噳鑰冩叜鍒般屾у垾姝g京銆嶏紙genda justice )锛岃冩叜鍒扮稉婵熸敮鎸侊紝鑰冩叜鍒板鍏у拰瀹跺鐓ч¨楂旂郴鐨勭櫦灞曪紝寰炵祼妲嬭畩閬风殑瑙榛烇紝濮嬫柤妾㈣鍏╂х収椤ц鑹茬殑涓嶅钩绛夛紝瑕栨鐐轰竴鍊嬬ぞ鏈冨晱椤岃屼笉鏄竴鍊嬧滅浜哄洶鎿锯濓紙private trouble)鎵嶆槸閲嶈鐨勭瓥鐣ワ紝鍥犳瀹跺嫏鍕炲嫊鎴栧搴収椤у晱椤屾噳鏄嬪叕鍏辫铂浠昏垏鎬у垾骞崇瓑锛genda equity)鐨勫晱椤岋紝閫欐槸鏀跨瓥鍜屽叕娉曚笂蹇呴爤鍏堣憲鐪肩殑(Hooyman& Gonyea ,1995)銆
绗簲鍊嬫噳浜堟瑕栫殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鏄岃嚜鐢辨瑠銆嶏紝閫欏嬪熀鏈汉娆婂钩鍧囧緱鍒嗙偤2.64锛屾瘮鏁欒偛娆婏紙3.00) 灏氬樊涓榛烇紝鏈仈鍙婃牸妯欐簴锛屽叾涓渶鍊煎緱瑷庤珫鐨勬槸濠﹀コ韬珨鑷富娆,寰楀垎鏄2.31銆傚彴鐏g殑绀炬渻鍍瑰奸珨绯伙紝灏ゅ叾涓嶆槗灏嶅コ鎬х殑韬珨鑷富娆婄敘鐢熸纰鸿屽皧閲嶇殑鎰忚瓨锛岀敋鑷冲湪澶闂滀總涓紝濂虫ф槸鍚︽湁娆婃焙瀹氭ц鐐恒佸彈瀛曟垨澧儙锛屽咕涔庝粛鍋滅暀鍦ㄥコ鎬ч檮灞柤鐢锋ф垨濂虫х偤鐢锋х殑闄勫爆锛屽洜鑰岀己涔忎笂杩扮殑鍩烘湰鑷敱娆娿傚叓鍗佷簲骞村簳鎵閫氶亷鐨勬т镜瀹抽槻娌绘渚嬶紝鍏朵腑鍘熻崏妗堣绡勫コ鎬у湪濠氬Щ闂滀總涓殑鎬ц嚜涓绘渚嬶紝缍撶珛娉曢櫌瀵╄寰屼唤浠樹箣闂曞锛屼笉鍏嶄护浜烘湁浜涢伜鎲俱
闄や簡韬珨鑷富娆婁箣澶栵紝濂虫ф槸鍚︽渻鍙楅檺鏂煎浜鸿屽奖闊垮叾閫蹭慨銆佸濮汇佸氨妤拰鍙冭垏绀炬渻娲诲嫊鐨勮嚜涓绘э紝姝ゆ寚妯欑殑寰楀垎涔熶笉楂橈紝鍙湁2.58锛屽彲瑕嬪│濂虫湰韬殑绀炬渻鍙冭垏锛屽濮婚伕鎿囷紝瀛哥繏鎴愰暦锛岀敓娑拷灏嬩粛鍙楅檺鏂煎浜猴紝鍏惰嚜涓绘т甫涓嶉珮锛屽浣曢瑔缍佸コ鎬т甫鏁欒偛濂虫ф湁鐛ㄧ珛鑷富鐨勪汉鏍硷紝鏁村嬪叐鎬у钩娆婄ぞ鏈冪殑绲愭鎬ц畩閬峰晱椤岋紝鍖呮嫭瑕伔鏁欒偛鍒跺害鑸囩珛娉曪紝鏁欒偛楂旂郴鍏уコ鎬ц嚜涓绘暀鏉愮殑鏇存柊鑸囩櫦灞曪紝鏁欏斧鐨勬у垾姝g京瑙鍜屽钩绛夎鏄繀瑕佺殑褰㈠閬庣▼銆
鏈寰岃瑷庤珫鐨勫│濂充汉娆婂晱椤屾槸銆屾暀鑲叉瑠銆嶏紝濡傚墠鎵杩帮紝閫欐槸鍏爡濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍞竴鍙婃牸鐨勪竴闋呭│濂充汉娆婏紝浣嗗钩鍧囧緱鍒嗕篃鏈3.00锛屼甫涓嶅煎緱鑸堝ギ銆傞欏叾涓殑涓闋呮暀鑲蹭汉娆婃寚妯欐槸鍊煎緱鏁欒偛閮ㄥ叐鎬у钩娆婂鍝℃渻鍔犱互閲嶈鐨勶紝閭e氨鏄岀埗姣嶅皪瀛愬コ涔嬪搴暀鑲层嶏紝鏄惁鏈冨洜濂虫т箣涓嶅悓鑰屾湁浜烘牸椁婃垚銆佸浜嬪垎鎿斿拰鍓嶉旈伕鎿囦笂鐨勪笉鍚屽憿锛熻硣鏂欓’绀猴紙瑕嬭〃鍏級锛屽緱鍒嗗彧鏈2.55锛屽洜姝わ紝瀹跺涵鏁欒偛鎴栬Κ鑱锋暀鑲插埗搴︾殑鐮旀摤鍜岀浉闂滄硶浠や腑锛屾噳鍚湁鎬у垾骞崇瓑瑙鐨勮Κ鑱锋暀鑲蹭綔娉曘
鍊樿嫢浠ヤ簲骞寸殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠璩囨枡瑙涔嬶紝鍙扮仯鍦板崁浜斿勾渚嗙殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎵鍛堢従鐨勪富瑕佺壒鑹插涓嬶紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1996锛夛細
锛戙佽嚜鐢辨瑠鏈夐愭几涓嬫粦瓒ㄥ嫝锛岃屼笖鍒嗘暩杓冩帴杩戝強鏍笺
锛掋佷汉韬畨鍏ㄦ瑠涓鐩存矑鏈夋敼鍠勶紝鏄渶鐐轰綆钀界殑浜烘瑠銆
锛撱佹暀鑲叉瑠涓鐩存槸鍙婃牸鐙鎱嬶紝浣嗕甫娌掓湁閫蹭竴姝ョ獊鐮淬
锛斻佸伐浣滄瑠娌掓湁閫蹭竴姝ョ嵅寰椾繚闅滐紝寰楀垎鏈兘鎻愰珮銆
锛曘佸濮昏垏瀹跺涵娆婃骞翠締鍛堢従涓婃疾鐝捐薄锛岄’鐒跺拰姘戞硶淇▊鏈夐棞銆
锛栥佺ぞ鏈冨弮鑸囨瑠绋嶆湁鏀硅畩锛屼絾鏄粛鐩哥暥浣庛
涓夈佸睍鏈涙湭渚嗗彴鐏e│濂充汉娆婏細
鏈締鍙扮仯濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鏄惁鏈冩瘮鐝惧湪鏇村ソ鎴栫従鍦ㄦ洿宸憿锛熼欐槸鍊嬩笉鏄撶嵅寰楃殑绛旀锛屽洜鐐轰汉娆婄殑绀炬渻瑾嶅彲妯欐簴闅ㄨ憲绀炬渻璁婇伔鑰屾湁鎵涓嶅悓锛屼絾鏄斂搴滆鑹茬殑浠嬪叆锛屼笉鍐嶈濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐐洪倞闅涗汉娆婁箖涓嶈畩鐨勪汉娆婄湡鐞嗐備緷涓栫晫濠﹀コ澶ф渻(the Women鈥s Convention)鐨勮姹傦紝鎳夋彁鍑烘硶鍒舵х瓥鐣ワ紝缍撶敱绔嬫硶淇濋殰濠﹀コ浜烘瑠锛屾涔冩渶閲嶈鐨勪綔娉曚箣涓锛涘叾娆℃帹鍕曢爯闃叉х瓥鐣ワ紝浠ユ笡灏戝│濂充汉娆婂晱椤岀殑鐧肩敓锛岀偤鍙︿竴鍊嬩笉鍙垨缂虹殑宸ヤ綔锛岀涓夛紝钀藉淇濊鎬х瓥鐣ワ紝浠ユ笡灏戣矤闈㈢殑濠﹀コ鍙楀壍鎴栬鍓濆オ鍟忛寰椾互鐛插緱涓浜涜鏁戞垨瑁滃劅銆
銆銆琛屾斂闄㈠嵆灏囨垚绔嬪コ鎬ф瑠鐩婁績閫插鍝℃渻锛屽収鏀块儴涔熷皣渚濇т镜瀹崇姱缃槻鍒舵硶鎴愮珛鎬т镜瀹抽槻鍒跺鍝℃渻锛岃屼笖閮芥槸缍撳父鎬х祫绻旇岄潪浠诲嫏绶ㄧ祫銆備簨瀵︿笂鏃╁湪鍘诲勾鍜屽墠骞寸殑涓湅浜烘瑠鎸囨鍫卞憡涓紝鐢辨柤濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勯倞闅涙фф牸鍦ㄨ鏌ヤ腑涓鍐嶉’绀哄嚭渚嗭紝濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓︽湭鐛插緱鎳夋湁閲嶈锛屽湪濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勫牨鍛婁腑鍗充竴鍐嶅懠绫叉斂搴滄垚绔嬪│濂虫斂绛栬垏濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勭祫绻旓紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1995;1996锛夈傜従鍦ㄦ垜鍊戜竴鏂归潰鎱惰硛鏀垮簻閮ㄩ杸浠ュ闅涜鍕曚締闊挎噳濠﹀コ濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勪富寮碉紝涓︾偤淇濋殰濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鑰屾垚绔嬫案涔呮х祫绻旓紝浣嗗彟涓鏂归潰涔熻瀵勪互鏈熻ū锛涗互涓嬫槸缍濠﹀コ浜烘瑠蹇呴爤鍔嶅強灞ュ強锛岀珛鍗虫帹琛岀殑宸ヤ綔锛
锛堜竴锛夊″皫濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓︽秷闄ゅ│濂充汉娆婄殑绀炬渻杩峰け锛氾紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1995)
绗竴銆佹秷闄ゃ屽│濂充汉娆婃槸涓鑸汉娆娿嶇殑杩峰け銆傚│濂充汉娆婁竴鑸汉娆婇洊鏈夌浉浼间箣铏曪紝浣嗕篃鏈夌浉鐣颁箣铏曪紱濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎳夊彈绀炬渻鏅亶闂滄敞锛屾秷闄ゃ屽│濂充汉娆婃槸涓鑸汉娆娿嶈糠澶便
绗簩銆佹秷闄ゃ屽│濂充汉娆婂晱椤屼甫闈炲叕鍏辫椤屻嶇殑杩峰け銆傝ū澶氬│濂崇殑浜烘瑠鍟忛甯歌瑕栦箣鐐哄嬩汉鍟忛銆佸│濂崇浜烘у晱椤岋紝鎴栬呮槸鍏跺嬪垾瀹跺涵鍟忛锛岃岄潪鏀垮簻鎳変簣闂滄敞鐨勫叕鍏辫椤屾垨鏀跨瓥鍟忛銆傚叾瀵﹁ū澶氱殑濠﹀コ鍟忛鏄熀鏈汉娆婄殑鍟忛锛屽叾鍙楄檺鍙楁毚銆佸彈鎬у垾姝ц銆佸彈涓嶅叕骞崇殑铏曢亣锛屾槸鏀垮簻鎳変簣骞查爯鐨勫叕鍏辨у晱椤屻傝嫢涓鍐嶈瑕栫偤鍊嬩汉鎬ф垨绉佷汉鎬у晱椤岋紝濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍓囧皣姘搁洠浼稿嫉銆
绗笁銆佹秷闄ゃ屽│濂充汉娆婂晱椤屾槸鑺濋夯灏忎簨銆嶇殑杩峰け銆傚│濂充汉鍙d綌浜嗕竴鍗婁汉鍙o紝濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍟忛鐒℃墍涓嶅湪锛屼絾鍥犵己涔忎竴浜涘悎鐞嗗悎娉曠殑姗熷埗浜堜互淇濋殰鎴栬⿻閲忓晱椤岀殑鍤撮噸鎬э紝閫犳垚娉曚护淇濋殰涓嶅叕鐨勫コ鎬ф湁鑷垜鏀炬鐨勫偩鍚戯紝鑰岀鍒╂湇鍕欑恫璺己涔忚嚧闆d互鍗斿姪瑙f焙濠﹀コ鍟忛銆傝ū澶氬晱椤岃〃闈笂浼间箮鏄姖楹诲皬浜嬶紝鍏跺铏曡檿閮藉墲濂簡瑷卞濂虫х殑鍩烘湰浜烘瑠锛屼篃濞佽剠钁楄ū澶氬コ鎬х殑鍩烘湰浜鸿韩瀹夊叏銆
绗洓銆佹秷闄ゃ屽│濂充汉娆婂晱椤屾槸闅ㄦ浜嬩欢銆嶇殑杩峰け銆傚│濂冲彈鏆村彈铏愮瓑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐩搁棞鐨勭ぞ鏈冭檿閬囷紝甯歌瑕栦箣鐐哄伓鐧间簨浠舵垨闅ㄦ浜嬩欢锛岀敋鑷宠寰楅偅鏄屾枃鍖栫敘鐗┿嶈岃瑕栦箣鐐虹暥鐒躲備緥濡傚濮绘毚鍔涖佸瀛愮殑瀹跺涵闄勫爆鍙婃绛夎鑹层佸伐浣滃牬鎵鐨勬у垾姝ц锛屾斂娌诲弮鑸囩殑鍏╂т笉鍏紝甯歌绀炬渻瑕栫偤鍋剁櫦鐨勭壒娈婁簨浠讹紝鍏跺鏈姭闇茶呭皻鍦ㄥ崈鐧惧嶄互涓娿傛渶鍙曠殑鍌崇当銆屾枃鍖栥嶆儭缈掞紝渚嬪姣嗗琛岀偤銆佸鍒跺瀛愯鐐猴紝浠ュ強鐖舵瑠鐨勩岄湼姘c嶆濇兂锛屽凡褰㈡垚绀炬渻鏂囧寲鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎锛屽涓嶅鍐嶆寔绾岀櫦灞曘備簨瀵︿笂锛岀敺鎬х殑鏆村姏琛岀偤锛岀劇璜栧湪绉侀牁鍩燂紙瀹跺涵鍏э級鎴栧叕闋樺煙锛堝搴锛屽寘鎷伐浣滃牬鎵鍜屽叾浠栫ぞ鏈冩椿鍕曢牁鍩燂級锛岄兘鏄偤缍寔鍏舵瑠鍔涙垨鏀挎不闂滀總鎵鑷达紝鍊煎緱鐭鍋忓樊瑙蹇点
锛堜簩锛夌櫦灞曘屽コ娆婂嵆浜烘瑠锛屼汉娆婂嵆濂虫瑠銆嶇殑姝g⒑瑙蹇碉紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1996 锛夛細
绗竴銆佸幓闄ゅ偝绲辨у垾瑙掕壊鍒嗗伐瑙蹇靛拰鎬у垾瑙掕壊鍒绘澘鍗拌薄銆傚偝绲便屽コ涓诲収锛岀敺涓诲銆嶇殑鎬у垾瑙掕壊鍒嗗伐鍜屾у垾瑙掕壊绀炬渻鍖栵紝浣垮緱濠﹀コ銆岀ぞ鏈冨弮鑸囨瑠銆嶅彈鍒扮浉鐣剁▼搴︾殑鍓濆オ锛屽彈瑷呯壒鍒ュ弽鏄犲嚭鐣跺墠鍙扮仯濠﹀コ绀炬渻鍙冭垏娆婏紝鐒¤珫鏄伔鍫翠笂銆佹斂娌讳笂锛屼互鍙婂叾浠栧叕鍏变簨鍕欑殑鍙冭垏锛岄兘灏嶇ぞ鏈冧腑鐨勫コ鎬с屾у垾姝ц銆嶅憟鐝句笉婊挎剰鐨勫弽鏄犮
绗簩銆佹瑕栫埗娆婃濇兂鑸囩敺鎬у劒鍕㈡枃鍖栨槸鐐哄奖闊垮│濂充汉娆婄殑涓闅荤湅涓嶈鐨勬墜锛Invisilbe Hand锛夈備互浜鸿韩瀹夊叏娆婄偤渚嬶紝涓骞翠笉濡備竴骞达紝閫欎簺鎸囨闅卞惈濂虫т笉鍙槸鏈鏄撳彈瀹崇殑绀炬渻鏃忕兢锛岃屼笖鍔犲鑰呭ぇ閮戒締鑷敺鎬с傛煇浜涚爺绌舵寚鍑猴紝閫欎簺鍙楀閬庣▼鏄敺鎬цù姹傛帶鍒舵吘婊胯冻鐨勯亷绋嬶紝鍖呮嫭灏嶅コ鎬х殑鏂芥毚銆佹柦铏愩佸挤澹撹常娣瓑锛屼笉鍙瓨鍦ㄣ岀墿鍖栥嶅コ鎬с佷笉灏婇噸濂虫э紝涔熷嚫椤敺鎬х殑鑷垜鍎秺鎰熴
绗笁銆佹у垾宸垾寰呴亣鎴栨у垾姝ц鐨勭ぞ鏈冪従璞′粛鐐虹ぞ鏈冩墍蹇借锛岀敱鏂肩祼妲嬫у埗搴︾殑涓嶈冻鑸囦笉閫憋紝鍤撮噸褰遍熆濠﹀コ浜烘瑠銆傞亷鍘昏鏌ョ爺绌剁櫦鐝撅紝闆栫劧濂虫у凡鎿佹湁鏌愮ó绋嬪害鐨勪汉韬嚜鐢辨瑠锛屽寘鎷伐浣滈伕鎿囥佸濮婚伕鎿囥侀蹭慨閬告搰鍙婂弮鑸囩ぞ鏈冩椿鍕曠殑鑷富鑸囨焙瀹氭瑠銆傜劧鑰岋紝浜哄伐娴佺敘鍥犳у垾鑰屾湁涓嶅悓鐨勬焙瀹氾紝濂虫ц鎬чǚ鎿俱佹т镜鐘佸彈鏆村彈铏愮瓑鐝捐薄锛岄兘闅卞惈灏嶅コ鎬х殑姝ц銆
绗洓銆佺ぞ鏈冧腑浠嶆櫘閬嶅瓨鍦ㄥ│濂冲晱椤屾槸绉佷汉鎬э紙Personal锛夋垨鍊嬪垾鎬у晱椤岀殑鎯虫硶,鎴栬涔嬬偤鍊嬪垾瀹跺涵鍟忛鎴栦竴鍊嬫枃鍖栫従璞,鍥犳鏅亶瑾嶇偤濂充汉鍟忛涓﹂潪妤甸渶鏀垮簻闂滃垏鐨勫叕鍏辫椤屻傚湪姝ら尟瑾よ蹇典箣涓,瑷卞绲愭鎬х殑鍒跺害鍜屾硶浠よ绔,鎳夊埗瀹氳屾湭鍒跺畾锛屾噳淇敼鑰屾湭淇敼锛屾槸灏庤嚧濠﹀コ娆婁竴鐩磋檿鏂艰绀炬渻蹇借鐨勫湴浣嶏紝涔熶竴鐩寸劇娉曟彁鍗囩殑涓昏鍘熷洜銆備互鐮旂┒瑾挎煡绲愭灉鐐轰緥锛屽│濂充汉韬畨鍏ㄦ瑠鐨勫緱鍒嗘渶浣庯紝鍏朵腑涓浜涙寚妯欏弽鎳夊嚭锛屽コ浜哄彈铏愬彈鏆寸殑闃叉不楂旂郴浠嶄笉瓒筹紝娉曚护淇濋殰涔熶笉澶狅紝鑸囩ぞ鏈冨皻杩峰け鏂笺岄偅鏄コ浜轰笉灏忓績鎴栧コ浜轰汉鏍肩壒璩笉浣炽嶃佹垨銆岄偅鏄搴殑绉佸瘑鎬у晱椤岋紝鑰岀劇闇澶鐨勬斂搴滀粙鍏ャ嶄箣瑙蹇垫湁闂溿傝岀浉鍙嶇殑锛屾剤鏄己涔忋岀祼妲嬫х挵澧冧繚闅溿嶇殑瑙榛烇紝濡傛硶浠ゅ埗搴﹁绔犳垨闃叉不淇濊楂旂郴涔嬪畬鍌欏寲锛屽│濂充汉娆婂晱椤屾剤瀹规槗涓鍐嶆诞鐝俱
绗簲銆佺ぞ鏈冧笂銆岃铂鍌欏嬩汉銆嶆垨銆岃铂鍌欏彈瀹宠咃紙濂虫э級銆嶇殑瑙蹇靛お閬庢柤婵冨帤锛岃屽拷鐣ャ岀ぞ鏈冪祼妲嬫х梾鍥犮嶅皪濂虫х殑涓嶅埄鍙婁笉鍏钩铏曢亣锛屾槸鍙扮仯濠﹀コ浜烘瑠涓鐩翠笉琚噸瑕栫殑鍙︿竴鍘熷洜銆備緥濡傦紝姝ゆ濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎸囨鎵瑭曪紝濠﹀コ鍦ㄨ伔鍫翠笂浠嶅彈鍒扮浉鐣跺ぇ鐨勬у垾姝ц寰呴亣锛岀┒绔熸槸浣曠ó鍘熷洜鍛紵涓嶅皯鑱峰牬涓荤鎴栦簨妤柈浣嶅彲鑳芥鍥犳柤銆屽コ鎬ц兘鍔涘師渚嗗氨姣旂敺鐢熷樊銆嶏紝銆屽コ鎬у搴簨鎯呭銆嶏紝涓鍛崇殑璨洠濂虫у嵒涓嶆彁渚涘コ鎬у拰鐢锋х浉鍚岀殑銆屽氨妤ぞ鏈冪祼妲嬨嶏紝鍖呮嫭鍗囬伔銆佹暀鑲叉垨瑷撶反銆佸儽鐢ㄣ佽閰嶅伐浣滀笂鐨勫悓绛夋鏈冦傞欐槸瑙蹇典笂锛屽彧鎬コ鎬ц屼笉妾㈣灏辨キ绲愭涓嶅埄鏂煎コ鎬х殑鐥呮厠鐝捐薄銆
鎻涜█涔嬶紝鍙扮仯鐨勫│濂充汉娆婃墍鍛堢従鐨勫晱椤屾槸锛氱ぞ鏈冮’鐒跺拷瑕栥屽コ娆婂嵆浜烘瑠锛屼汉娆婂嵆濂虫瑠銆嶏紝鏈夊緟鏀垮簻渚嗙牬闄ゆ簮鑷繁妞嶆柤绀炬渻鍌崇当鍏╂у児鍊艰銆佹у垾瑙掕壊鍒绘澘鍖栧嵃璞★紝浠ュ強鏃╁凡涓嶅悎鏅傚疁鐨勫叐鎬фу垾绀炬渻鍖栭亷绋嬨傚彟澶栵紝鐖舵瑠绀炬渻鐨勭敺鎬у劒鍕箣鐖舵瑠鎬濇兂锛屼粛鏄竴闅荤湅涓嶈鐨勫ぇ鎵嬪奖闊垮コ鎬ф噳鏈夊熀鏈汉娆婏紝鑰岄洠浠ョ牬闄ょ殑銆岀浜哄晱椤岃銆嶆垨銆屽搴晱椤岃銆嶏紝灏嶅│濂宠椤岃涔嬬偤銆屽叕鍏辫椤屾垨娆婂姏涓嶅潎鐨勫晱椤屻嶆垨銆岀ぞ鏈冨晱椤屻嶏紝涓鍛冲湴瑕栦箣鐐哄嬪垾鎬ф垨瀹跺涵鎬у晱椤岋紝蹇界暐鏀垮簻鐨勫叕鍏辫鑹插共闋愪箣闇瑕佹э紱鍥犳濡備綍绐佺牬銆佹壄杞夐欑ó瑙蹇碉紝涔熸槸鎵撶牬濠︽瑠浣庤惤鐨勪富瑕佺瓥鐣ャ傛渶寰屽煎緱閲嶈鐨勬槸寰炪岃铂鍌欏コ浜鸿銆嶈綁鐐恒岃铂鍌欏埗搴﹁銆嶆噳瑭叉墠鏄湭渚嗐岀牬椤屻嶄箣閲嶈鐞嗗康锛屾彌鍙ヨ┍瑾紝闄ら潪鐣舵瑠鑰呰兘閲嶈濂虫瑠鍟忛鏄ぞ鏈冪殑绲愭鎬у晱椤岋紝椤樻剰閫茶鍒跺害绲愭涓婄殑鏀归潻锛屽惁鍓囧コ娆婂皣姘搁洠鐛插緱锛堝嵆浣挎槸浜涘井鐨勶級鎻愬崌銆
锛堜笁锛夎垏涓栫晫濠﹀コ浜烘瑠绛栫暐鍚屾锛屼笉鍐嶉倞闅涘寲鍙扮仯濠﹀コ浜烘瑠
閬庡幓涓夊崄骞翠締锛屽│濂充汉娆婇亱鍕曞嵆绀炬渻鏆ㄦ斂娌婚亱鍕曪紝鍏朵富瑕佹柟鍚戝湪鏂硷細锛戙佸皣閬嬪嫊鏈唱绉诲悜鐗规畩濠﹀コ鐐烘牳蹇冪殑璀伴锛岃屼笖鏈濆悜澧炲挤濂虫ф瑠鍔涚偤涓栫晫鏀挎不鍔涢噺涔嬫柟鍚戯紙濂虫т富缇╅亱鍕曪級鐧煎睍锛涳紥銆佺⒑淇濆叐鎬у钩绛夛紝寤虹珛鍏ㄧ悆鎬у叐鎬у钩绛夌殑瑾嶇煡锛the 1979 Convention on the Elimimation of All of Discrimaiation锛夛紱锛撱佺⒑淇濆│濂崇ぞ鏈冪稉婵熸瑠锛屽皣濠﹀コ瀹屽叏鏁村悎鏂肩櫦灞曚箣涓紙1985 Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies锛夛紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1996锛夈傛湭渚嗗彴鐏e│濂充汉娆婅蛋鍚戞噳鑸囦笂杩颁笘鐣屽│濂充汉娆婇亱鍕曞悓姝ワ細
绗竴锛氫互鐗规畩濠﹀コ鐐烘牳蹇冪殑璀伴锛屽缓妲嬪コ鎬х稉椹楁垨濂虫ф牳蹇冿紙 Women-Centered锛夌殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠瑙蹇点
濠﹀コ浜烘瑠璀伴鐩搁棞寤f硾锛岀壒娈婂│濂崇偤鏍稿績鐨勫│濂充汉娆婁繚闅滃伐浣滄槸鍊嬪煎緱鐧煎睍鐨勫伐浣滃彇鍚戯紝渚嬪濠﹀コ鍙楁毚銆佸彈铏愮殑鍩烘湰浜烘瑠鍟忛锛岄洟濠氬│濂崇殑濠氬Щ璨$敘鍜屽厭濂崇洠璀峰晱椤岋紝宸ヤ綔涓嶅钩绛夎屽彈姝ц鐨勮伔鍫村│濂充汉娆婂晱椤岋紝鍙堟垨鏄叐搴﹀氨妤│濂崇殑宸ヤ綔娆婂晱椤,浠ュ強鏀挎不鍙冭垏鎴栫ぞ鏈冨弮鑸囬渶瑕佸钩绛夊弮鑸囩挵澧冪殑鍩烘湰濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍟忛...銆傜劇璜栨槸閭e嬬壒娈婂│濂虫牳蹇冭椤,閲嶈鐨勭瓥鐣ユ槸澶氫竴浠藉コ鎬х稉椹楋紙Woman鈥s experience 锛夌殑鎬濊冿紝鎵嶈兘寤烘濠﹀コ鍟忛鑸囧│濂充汉娆婃枃鍖栵紝鑰岄潪鍋滅暀鍦ㄧ敺鎬т腑蹇冪殑濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎬濊冩ā寮忥紝寰岃呭皣闆e垏鍏ョ湡姝e│濂充汉娆婇潰璨屻
绗簩锛氫互寤烘鍏╂у钩绛夌ぞ鏈冪偤鐩锛屾帹鍕曞叐鎬у钩娆婇亱鍕曘
濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鍟忛瀵﹁唱涓婃槸鍏╂т笉骞虫瑠涓嬬殑鐢㈢墿锛岃ū澶氱殑濠氬Щ鏆村姏婧愭柤鍏╂т笉骞崇瓑鐨勬瑠鍔涢棞淇傦紝濠﹀コ宸ヤ綔娆婁笉鍙椾繚闅滐紝涔冩簮鏂煎皪鍏╂ц鑹茬殑鍒绘澘鍒嗗伐鍙婃у垾姝ц锛屽コ鎬х劇娉曡嚜鐢卞弮鑸囩ぞ鏈冿紝涔熷拰鍌崇当鎬у垾鍒绘澘鍗拌薄鏈夐棞銆傚濮诲強璨$敘缂轰箯淇濋殰涔熸槸渚嗚嚜銆屽コ鎬у彧鏄搴殑闄勫爆銆嶄箣瑙蹇碉紝鐢氳嚦濠﹀コ浜烘瑠琚鐐洪倞闅涗汉娆婏紝灏辨槸鏈浣崇殑瀵収銆傚叾浠栦緥濡傚コ鎬ц儙鍏掕澧儙鐨勫│濂充汉娆婅椤岋紝涔熷拰閲嶇敺杓曞コ銆侀鍏掗槻鑰佺ぞ鏈冭蹇垫湁闂滐紝鍐嶅姞涓婃暀鑲蹭腑缂轰箯姝g⒑鐨勬у垾瑙掕壊瑙涔嬬亴杓革紝涔熷拰鍏╂т笉骞崇瓑瑙蹇垫湁闂溿傚洜姝わ紝鏀垮簻鎳夊緸鍚勬湁闂滄帾鏂藉幓钀藉鍏╂у钩娆婏紝鐒¤珫鏄暀鑲层佸仴搴枫佺鍒┿佸濮汇佽病鐢㈠埗鍜屾斂娌诲弮鑸囩瓑绛夈傛斂搴滈儴闁鐨勬帾鏂斤紝鍙互寰炲鍌炽佹湇鍕欍佺珛娉曠瓑閫斿緫浠ュ鍏冩柟寮忥紝鎺ㄥ嫊涓﹁惤瀵﹀叐鎬у钩娆婂伐浣滐紙鐜嬮簵瀹癸紝1996锛夈
绗笁锛氫互鐧煎睍濠﹀コ鐐轰腑蹇冨伐浣滐紝寤虹珛绀炬渻鐧煎睍闇瑕佺櫦灞曞│濂崇殑 鏁村悎鎬у│濂充汉娆婅蹇碉細
濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鐨勮┊閲嬭垏钀藉锛屼甫闈炴槸濠﹀コ灏庡悜鐨勫伐浣滐紝鑰屾槸鏁撮珨绀炬渻鐧煎睍涔嬫墍闇锛屽畠鏄嬬ぞ鏈冨皫鍚戠殑璀伴銆傝繎骞翠締锛屽拰濠﹀コ鏈夐棞鐨勪笘鐣屾ф渻璀帮紝渚嬪1995骞翠笘鐣屽│濂虫渻璀帮紝1994骞翠笘鐣岀ぞ鏈冪鍒╂渻璀帮紝閮芥槸鐠扮篂钁楃櫦灞曞│濂崇偤绀炬渻鐧煎睍涔嬪繀瑕佹т綔鐐鸿◣璜栫殑涓績銆傛湭渚嗗彴鐏e│濂充汉娆婄殑宸ヤ綔鏂瑰悜锛屾噳鍛兼噳涓婅堪銆屽皣濠﹀コ瀹屽叏鏁村悎鏂肩櫦灞曚箣涓嶇殑鐞嗗康锛屽厖浠界⒑淇濆│濂崇ぞ鏈冪稉婵熸瑠锛屼互鍏呭垎闁嬬櫦濠﹀コ銆
鍙冭冩浉鐩細
锛戙佺帇楹楀锛1995a)锛庡│濂宠垏绀炬渻鏀跨瓥銆傚彴鍖楋細宸ㄦ祦鍦栨浉鍏徃銆
锛掋佺帇楹楀锛1995b)鍙扮仯濠﹀コ浜烘瑠鎸囨瑾挎煡鍫卞憡,杓夋柤涓湅浜烘瑠鍗旀渻,姘戝湅鍏崄鍥涘勾浜烘瑠鎸囨瑾挎煡鍫卞憡銆
锛撱佺帇楹楀锛1996锛夊彴鐏e│濂充汉娆婃寚妯欒鏌ュ牨鍛婏紝杓夋柤涓湅浜烘瑠鍗旀渻锛屾皯鍦嬪叓鍗佷簲骞翠汉娆婃寚妯欒鏌ュ牨鍛娿
锛斻佹闆欒摦锛1995锛夊彴鐏e│濂虫斂娌诲弮鑸囷紝杓夋柤涓湅鍦嬫皯榛ㄤ腑澶│宸ユ渻锛屽│濂虫斂绛栫櫧鐨浉銆
锛曘Tonasevski,K.(1995).Woman and human rights.New Jersey:Zed Books.Ltd.
6銆Kerr,J.(1993)Ours by right--Women鈥s rights as human rights.
7銆Nijeholt,G.L(1991)(Ed). Toward women鈥s right strategeies in the 1990s:Challenging government and the state.銆